Saudi Arabia presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Saudi Arabia presentation - Essay ExampleSocial identity comes from family verity and submission to Islamic law, and Saudis tend to be fatalists, believing that Allah directs destiny.The importance of women in Saudi society is slowly changing as more women pursue sea captain cargoners. Women are still seen as different from men, and are kept strictly separate in social activities and left out of roughly decision-making. Some Saudi men will shake achieves with Western women. Saudi women, if they happen to accompany a man, are generally not introduced and are otherwise ignored. Non-Saudi women are expected to dress modestly. Western women may be whipped by the Matawain, who are the religious police. However, they must not adopt the traditional dress of a becloud and an abaya (full-length black robes). This is offensive.Saudis stand close to each other when talking, and touching is common during conversation. Men hold hands with men, and women with women, as a sign of friendship . A traditional Saudi greeting is a handshake and a kiss on both cheeks. Saudi culture has several important taboos about gestures. The left hand is considered unclean. Never point at a person. Always keep your feet flat on the ground, as its offensive to show the bottom of your foot. Also, the thumbs-up gesture is jolty and offensive throughout the Arab world.Foreign travelers may not enter the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia without an invitation, nor may they leave without an exit permit. All visitors become subject to Saudi Islamic law, and those laws must be strictly followed. Many Western accepted business practices are frowned on or considered insulting in Saudi Arabia. For instance, most appointments are made loosely between accepted prayer times, and there are multiple holidays and religious observances that will change business negotiations. Alcohol, pornography, pork and narcotics are all illegal substances, and

Loius XIV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loius XIV - Essay Examplefor the reconstruction of the whole apparatus. Furthermore, the influence of church was also weakening, so the tip was losing its allies and had to adjust to the unused circumstances. The saddening experience of three-wave Fronde played its role during Louiss reign, and his first steps and goals were gaining control over French financial lifeblood and restricting alleged independence of aristocracy.2) Louis XIV dealt wisely with aristocracy. First of all, he waged numerous wars, in which noble classes were to participate (in order to demonstrate loyalty and obedience) - otherwise they wouldnt receive promotion and new government offices. Louis refused to distribute power among less significant feudalists, but he attempted to win their devotion he brought them to his court for a kind of probation shape and then rewarded aristocrats with titles or pensions. Nevertheless, Louis never stopped controlling the number of aristocrats at highest hierarchical posit ions, so their number was always limited. Another Louiss direction was the establishment of tight sustainable military apparatus headed by the most loyal and industrious aristocrats.

Science Fiction and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Science Fiction and film - Essay ExampleChaos ensues, and all of these lives are turned upside down as they quiz to deal with and adapt to the situation. Similarly, a cutting war depicts a political hostility between various countries that are characterized by threats and open warfare. These two fall in examples share very common characteristics with each other thus, War of the Worlds acts as an allegory of a cold war (Geiger, 607).The hostile aliens of War of the Worlds can be seen as the political figures and military from various countries that would be the onset of a cold war as well as the ones that would be deployed to other countries to manage and initiate a reign of terror. The aliens from the movie came to Earth and, without reason or forewarning, began a hostile attack on the human beings. In a cold war setting, the aforementioned political figures and military would be sent out in a similar fashion. While the various countries may have round forewarning to hostilities from other countries, there is still the possibility that a bomb or other weapon of mass destruction could be sent everyplace to the other country without being alerted of it first. Especially during the time era of the movie, in the 1950s, the United States military, though strong and powerful, did not have the means that it has today to describe missiles before they would reach the country.The aliens of War of the Worlds opened fire without letting their victims know as to why they were doing so. Again, though many wars may be started due to a certain issue, in the case of a cold war a political issue, it sometimes takes the dropping of a bomb before the various countries tortuous become aware of a reason, or even a problem. It tends to be the icebreaker of the entire ordeal.The aliens and the humans of War of the Worlds also represent the various countries and their differences in regard to political issues.

Beer Industry Case Study Essay Example for Free

Beer Industry Case Study EssayBeer assiduity is i of the oldest industries particular in EU as it is iodine of the biggest beer usage merchandiseplaces. This industriousness has seen fluctuation of the motivation and consumption of the beer over the last quarter of 20th century due to nearly factors. This analysis leave behind appear in to those factors by taking into account the case given and lead analyze the general reasons, taketh and personal make of the industry keeping in melodic theme the macro-environment and its main comp integritynt much(prenominal) as political, legal, environmental, economical, technological, social- cultural, and international aspects. Furthermore industry analysis ordain be discussed in details by analyzing the critical factors such as the menaces of novel entrants, suppliers and buyers business leader on the industry, product substitutions, and alliance and merging of the companies. The details of micro-environment and indust ry analysis get out be available in the appendices. In addition, occurrent strategy, links between the micro-environment and industry analysis, result be discussed along with brief recommendations.The theme europiuman create from raw material community will be analyze in terms of strength and weakness. Current strategy The beer industry has been in the existence for as long as the barleycorn ache been harvested and used for the qualification of the beer. The drink is mixed with alcoholic drinkic drink in order to give it tantalizing admiration with addictive quality. The beer is used as an e genuinelyday drink by umpteen a(prenominal) around the world and it by creating a taste and demand in the market. It probably will non be controversial, if argued that it is in the top 5 surface-nigh drinkable bever come on in the world.The demand of the beer has change magnitude significantly in the last half of the century and close to cultural such as German has included i t, as part of their culture and celebrates beer drinking festivals annually. The industry has been facing some threats in the market due to appendd number of brewery companies, who over supplies tawdry beer in the market, which could possibly kill the industry. Some other sweet and non-traditional threats such as increased health risks, potential abuse of the beer, new legal challenges, globalisation and environmental has put a question mark on the future of the industry.These threats ar real and the industry needs to address them effectively and efficiently in order to survive in the future. Some of the threats argon addressed by adopting new strategies, such as being environmentally friendly production string, innovation, GM foods, and many more in order to be in the market and occasion consumer for the future. Summary of macro environment analysis Economic One of the biggest current threats near on e rattling chore is the current fiscal crisis and the beer industry is no t immune to it at all.The global crises have labord many workers fall out of their jobs, increased unemployment, which means less finance to get basics for a e rattling(prenominal)day life. Many had to cut unnecessary activities such as going to the topical anesthetic pub for a drink after work on regular basis or purchasing beer off the self from super markets. The uncertain financial sequences have dropped the consumer confidence and some of the people be afraid of spending any money on unnecessary activates. There is truly unattackable evidence that consumers be saving money during these crunch whiles.Europe has been one of the hardest hit by the financial crisis, and some of the countries such as Island were almost to the doorway of the bankruptcy. This uncertainty will have huge impact on the industry in oblivious term and will affect the profitability. The usual willing buyers force cut down to consumption of the beer significantly or even up chose to switch to a brazen-faceder brand in the market, in order to fulfill their alcohol appetite. In terms of macro-environment, it simply means the buyers becomes scathe sensitive.The fuel price and beer have direct relationship, since the early stages of this crisis, the fuel prices had dropped significantly which means less overheads court for the fellowship in terms of logistics and supplies, heretofore this drop in fuel prices may drop the beer price but it will not be enough to create a demand and increase sales for the beer in the market due to the financial crisis. Financial crisis would mean the availability of credit will be almost none existence for the company to borrow and range their daily operations a loan-blend the borders.Not b atomic number 18ly the credit will be a study write, but the unavailability of the funds means, less money to compete in the market and high chances of being takeover, merged, and acquisitions with other major companies. Irrespective of the size of the company, the threats will remain hanging around their heads for as long as the markets picks up. The different taxation law around the European countries remains another challenge for the industry as despite being as a collective states and regulating a common taxation law around the Europe.The gradually increase labor cost remains as a constant threat for the industry, regardless of the any other factor, it will be a long term threat to be dealt with on a regular basis. Political/Legal The expanding upons of EU will certainly be positive point towards the industry as it will increase the business boundaries and will create an afford market. It also mean, increased customers to be targeted for the beer industry and at the same time it will increase contender among the existing breweries and the invader breweries. The competition will bring down the price for the customer and decrease the profitability for the business.The over consumption of alcohol due to many reason has f orced the politician and law stimulaters to make much more stricter decree and rules with the use of alcohol in particular with drink driving. Forcing a very ricocheted pubs and bars opening hours will reduce the consumption of the beer by a large margin. It is defiantly a negative effect on the business and high chance of getting harder in the near future. The well known negative effects of alcohol on the public health means that it would cost more to the governments health atomic number 18na annual budgets.The government will try to decrees the consumption of alcohol as much as realistic as alcohol relate health cost are rising on the government. It is a negative effect on the industry as customers are discouraged to drink alcohol as it carries health risks. Other factors may also include to limitation on the issued licenses for the breweries to make beer, which means less breweries. all over all the political slope of the macro-environment remains negative for the indust ry in short and long terms as anti-alcohol sentiments are echoed in the legal and political section of the EU. scientific The advancement of the technology has affected the way businesses are operated and products are produced. The use of robot in the brewery for the propose of production line, assembly line and in particular packaging of the product has been used significantly and reduced the reliability of the labour and their cost and overheads. The on time tracking of the barley to the brewery and perfect product to the stores are do much easy as GPS are used to track the movement of the product and on time deliveries are made possible.On the other hand it may in occur as a one-off purchase cost to the company, but the long term use and benefits outperform the costs. The advancement in technology will be able to make mini home brewery, so the customers could have their own personal brewery at home. It will be a negative effect on the industry, as customer will make their own beer at home, however the home brewery will not be able to compete with the taste produced by the master brewer for the major brands. Environmental The climate change will affect the industry as unpredicted tolerate patterns are expected, which will affect the crops produced for the brewery.In this case the imports of barley from other countries cannot be ruled out, but the importation will carry transportation costs with it and it will certainly be passed on the customers at end of the supply chain. The climate change has affected Europe in many ways, as some parts are getting too cold for the barley to be grown and some parts are totally antonym to it. Climate change has affected the supply of water for the farmers, as less water simply means less crop for the industry.The industry does not have any alternative to use for the beer making as barley remains the one and only key ingredients. Water is not only required for the crops to grow but also for the making of the beer in the brewery, a good quality water will be hard to find in the future. The Genetically limited (GM) crops could possibly be an option, which requires less water to grow and gives a batter taste to the beer. However the GM is still in the experimental stages and there are question in terms of reliability and health benefits with the GM. Social-culturalThe social and cultural effects on the beer industry will be mix as demographically arguing that European populations are getting old but at the same time they are replaced by ever binge drinking jr. population, however the replacement are not sufficient enough. The female buying power have increased as more and more European female are working and socializing outside and have the money to spend. The new fruity flavored beer are specifically designed for the female and it has been very successful to capture the maidenly side of the industry.It is positive sign for the future of the industry. The increased EU population has been effected by a very reasonable number of Muslim community, who does not consumer beer due to religious reasons. It will carry negative effect on the industry unless non-alcoholic beers are produced to target this section of the industry. The excessive consumption of beer has not been pass by the society as a whole due to the valid reasons such as increased obesity, alcohol related violence and health related issues and underage drinking.It will be a negative effect on the industry and will be carried away in the future. International The international side of the beer market seems to be very interesting in regards to the political shifts of power from West to Asian region. In the near future the growing Asian market will play heavily on the industry as more and more beers are brewed and consumed in Asian region. European companies will have to make strategic moves towards the Asian market and possibly will be required to make alliances in order to survive.The shift will not affect the Europe an market and it possible means decrees in the beer cost as beer produced in Asian will come to the European market for the customers. Globalization has promoted the free trade, which has heart-to-heart new market and dropped the tariffs but it may result as negative to the European breweries as the cheap Asian beer will pour in the market. The cross border business exponent have some barriers as the taxation and tariff law differs from one state to another. Summary of industry environmentThreats of new entrants The threats of a new entrants remains reasonably low as it is subjected to the scale of operation for the new entrants. Business within the local or regional domain of a function will require very little set up capital, however on an a broad scale of import and export across to the EU will require much bigger capital, logistics and distribution channels. The new entrants will face the brand loyalty and product differentiation as the existing customers already have mature tastes for their brands available in the market.Certainly the threats remain high for the current players, however the survival in this tight industry might be very hard as existing brands have very strong marketing knowledge and established customers. negociate power of supplies In this industry the barley suppliers does not have much of massing power as the alternative use of the crops are very limited and the suppliers does not have much of a choice. The number of suppliers out weights the buyers and there are huge number of buyers but the major beer companies purchase barley in huge volumes and has the upper hand.The bargaining power may increase in case of a natural disaster, which could destroy the crop of an entire regain and decreases the quantity demanded for the beer market, but the chances of it happening is very less. The suppliers might have an alternative option of forward integration as to enter in the brewery industry, however the life within the industry may be sh ort lived due to monopolistic nature of the industry by the brewers. The demand for a skilled master brewer remains very high and the skill supplier has the upper hand in this case.Bargaining power of buyers According to the analysis in the appendix 2, the buyer seems to be in a much stronger office staff then the suppliers. Due to the very nature of the critical product barley, which can not be stored and needs to be sold to the buyers as soon as its harvested. The buyers uses the volume perches power to negotiate with the suppliers and gets a better price. The number of suppliers are increasing within the European market and in some case the new(a) product could possibly be imported from Asian and South American destination with much cheaper price.Over all the buyers have the power to control the industry and manipulate in many ways. Substitutes The easements available in the market are one of the real threat to this industry as the negative effects of the alcohol are coming fo rward, which are backed by strong scientific evidence. The number of substitutes such as Water, milk, soft drinks, wine, tea, coffee, energy drinks, and traditional cultural drinks are and most of them almost posses no health threats of any kind. In fact the substitutes are well accepted socially, legally, economically and does not have any age restriction of any kind when consumed.Industry rivalry The issue of rivalry depends on the sector of market controlled by the companies. In general Europe has a very high number of companies operating within the EU. Europe has one of the highest consumption of beer then US and Asian market, so competitors has very good reasons to be in EU market. Some of the companies are merging in order to create an oligopoly or even a pure-monopolistic markets to drive out others from the industry. Generally the rivalry remains very high at all times, with the other companies in the industries.Interconnections between two analyses The beer industry is one of the oldest industry and growing over times. It has seen some fluctuations over the last half of the 20th century, but it has not deterred it any way. The macro-environments components faces constant changes as factors such as environmental, economical, political, and technological are co-ordinated to one and other. These factors are beyond the control of the industry and the industry does not have any other choice to adapt the micro-environmental changes in order to survive.The effects of the micro-environment carries on the industry and many ways such as environmental changes will increase or decrease the power of suppliers and buyers. The ever changing hold out pattern does not guarantee crops for the next year and breweries remains uncertain at all time. The globalization remains another unavoidable factor modify the macro-environment and the industry as whole. Recommendations what will it take in 2015 to be an industry leader and who may that be? Recommendation and 2015 d irections * The future of the industry remains take a crap as long as the industry remains flexible to change.* The environmentally friendly approaches needs to be taken on for the production and packaging. * Globalization is a fact and EU beer industry needs to make changes, accept players coming from USA and Asian markets. The same could be expected to USA and Asian markets. * In order to gain maximum market shares, merger with other companies should be encouraged as it will decrease the operational cost, exchange of expertise in particular master brewer. It will make them a strong player in the industry. * More investment are required in area of new flavor.* GM barley needs to experimented as it could possibly provide benefits both ways. * Non-alcoholic beer should be produced to target the growing Islamic community in EU and in the Middle East. * Geographic expansion needs to be considered out of EU. * In order to reduce the harsher law against the use of excessive alcohol, ind ustry needs to fix their customer and advice them of moderate drinking habits. * With the assistance of the transportation department, Community based programs should be designed to educate the new drivers, of the dangers of the drink driving.The strength and weakness of the fore brewing companies As appendix 3 provides detail list of the weakness and strength of the fore brewing industry as 1. Heiniken ( The Netherlands) Strengths One of the biggest brewery in Europe as with the sales of more than 8bn pound in 2006, its a global company expending in to Asian markets and US by 5% and 17 percents. Weakness The weakness of the Heiniken would be as it has given more attention to the EU and ignored the ever growing Asian market. It may be enjoying the current EU market but the future holds with the Asian and Sub-continents.The future will be bright if the company considers moves in to other markets and makes alliances with intended region. 2. Grolsch (The Netherland) Strengths It is on e of the oldest brewery with experience of all time. It has moved out of its European bases in to the US market and has successfully make alliance. It is one of the most innovative brewery and has a narrow experimental brewery. More then 50% of the products are exported out of Europe. Weaknesses The only weakness of the Grolsh would that it uses only one brewery to produce all it productions.The distance between the only brewery and some of the markets are enormous, which occurs in to huge logistics and transportation cost. The future looks very good as it does not rely on one market and the some of the new experimental beer could become market leading brands. 3. InBev (Belgium/Brazil) Strengths The largest brewery in the world as it is merger of the two companies. It is the largest market power to manipulate the price. It has gained big sector in to the Asian markets and are very innovative and environmentally conscious. WeaknessTheir does not seems to any weakness except the igno ring of the US market. The future seems to be very bright as it has the capacity and re originations to grow and lead the market. 4. Scottish and Newcastle (UK) Strengths It is the 4th largest in Europe and 4 major established brand in the Europe. It looks in to the future and has tried to shares into the other bewaring companies. Weakness The company is not a big one and has tried to stretch it self into other breweries. The over credit on the 4 brands has stopped them of innovation with new brands of beer.The future in European market seems to be well underway successfully but the accession in the Asian market might be very risky as some of the major companies are well established in that market. APPENDICES appendage 1 Macro-environment analysis Factor Issues Effects on Industry Rulings Economic * The economic down work * Increased unemployment * Uncertain financial times * Job insecurity of the customers * Global recession * Expansion of Euro * Tariffs and taxes * The i ncreasing oil price * Labour cost Controversial, as it may or may not increase the demand for beer.Could mean less money to spend on of going out for drinks at pubs and bars. People tend to save money as times are uncertainIt could possibly bring a very positive effect on the brewery business as the expansion will increased market boundaries with more customers to target. The expansion might be good on one hand, but on the other it will increase the Tariffs on the product as it has to go by many state borders. The taxation law varies from on EU country to the others, it will affect the profitability in short and long terms. The inevitable increasing oil price will need to be passed on the customer eventually.The labour market will demand an increase in their pay in the future, which will have to be included in the beer price. +/-__++/-+/-__Final rulingsNeutral Political/Legal * Expansion of EU * Greater concern from politicians about effects of alcohol * Stronger legislation aro und drink-driving * Legislation on the pollutions * commercialiseing campaigns around effects of binge-drinking * Competition policy Licensing controls It will increase the customer approaches as the boundaries will be diminished, creating open borders will encourage competition among the business within EU.The negative affects of alcohol will make the politician to take drastic action as to limit the use alcohol to reduce certain effects of it. The well known effects of alcohol, will put pressure on the customers to decrease the amount of consumption at pubs. Tighter legislation on the pollutions will put pressure to be environmentally clean industry. Health sector and public outcry will force the government to make stricter law for the use of beer. It may not be as an issue as the EU is very flexible with the licensing. +____+Final rulingNegative Technological * Efficient production systems * GPS for tracking transportationLogistics and supply chain management * Product enhanc ements Bottling and packaging alternatives * Mini home create from raw material With use of robot in the production and assembly line will become efficient and effective also decreases the overheads Will monitor and make sure the product gets on time with the efficient routs to the customs and suppliers. It may incur some cost to the industry. The packaging and bottling cost will decrees with the use of alternative packaging such as plastics and papers. The crusade mini home brewery will have minimal effect on the market as some of the customer will produce their own beer at home. +++ +Final Ruling Positive Environmental * Climate change Variable * Seasonality of weather * Natural disasters * GM products * Pollution * Water scarcity * Energy costs The increased outcry will affect the industry as the climate change will affect the production of crop by the farmers. The unpredictable weather with variation in rain pattern will put doubts the crops. The changing climate has made t he nature unpredictable as Europe is getting colder every year and barley cannot be grown in a cold environment.The GM product will be beneficial to the industry as it will assist to produce the specific kind of crop, resistant to the pesticide and herbicides with maximum yield. As a result of the production, the industry will produce different kinds of wastes or pollutions. Beer brewing requires good quality water and it good quality water will be scares in the future. The energy cost will increase most of the source of energies are extracted from scares natural resources. ___+_ _ _Final RulingNegative Socio-Culture * Ageing population * Feminine buying power * Increased multiculturalism * Peer pressure* Stress-relieving * Binge drinking * concerns about obesity * alcoholic drink related health issues * Under-age drinking The EU population is getting old, it will not make much of difference on the industry as the younger binge drinker will replace them. Female are coming in the market with money to spend and adopting the beer tastes. EUs population has increased significantly by multicultural, Islamic community, who does not drink beer. With the youth, the peer pressure makes them to act alike and promotes binge drinking culture. The current economic down turn has resulted into job losses, which has resulted into high level of stress.excessive beer is used as stress-relieving. Obesity is not accepted socially and considered to be unhealthy. Beer may be blamed to be one of the causes and it would affect the industry in future. The modern research has found strong reasons on the side effects of the alcohol and continued to do so. It will affect the business in long term. One of the unacceptable issues will be the underage drinking however it may not be an issue when supervised. ++ _++__+/-Final ruling Positive International * Shift in geo-political power to Asia * Increased awareness and global consumption of alcohol* Alternative religious aspects on alcoh ol * Falling tariffs * Global alliances * Globalization Increased political power means increased income, which means more demand for the beer in the Asian market. New findings and query increase the global awareness, most of them awareness appears to be advising to decrease the consumption of the beer. The increasing religious influences globally means less beer consumption as most of the religions discourages the use of alcohols such as Islamic religion with more than followers. The globalization has promoted the free trade among the states, which results in falling tariffs.The global alliances of the companies will help to increase their power in the market and act like a monopolistic. The globalization opens new markets and drops the tariffs, but it may result badly for the EU as the cheap Asian beer might pour in the market. +__+++Final ruling Positive Appendix 2 Details of Industry analysis Factor Issue Analysis Rating of the Threat Threat of New Entrants Market TypeMonop olistic, with many number of brewer, Entry conditions Relatively easy, with limited resource required on piddling level production.Product Differentiation It is one of the key factors in this industry, the new comer will be required to create different and an acceptable taste for the customers, who already has matured tastes and brand loyalty with available brands in the market. Switching Cost The switching cost for the buyers is very low as the product price is very low and trying another brand does not cost as much. Brand Loyalty Most of the customer have a very strong brand loyalty and it will be very had to break that cycle in the market. EU well known brand such as Heineken, Inbev, Baltika, and Coopers.Logistics requirementsThe new comer will have to establish a chain of logistics and supply from suppliers and to the brewery to the customers. Capital requirementa very low capital is necessary to enter in the market at a local level, however as on the international level the c apital requirements will be mass medium to high. GlobalizationDue to the globalization and open market, non EU players with cheap labor cost could enter in the EU and penetrate the market with cheap brands. Islamic countriesThe market will not be allowed to enter in some of the Islamic countries as the consumption of alcohol is prohibited. LowHigh LowHighLowMedium Medium Medium Low Bargaining Power of Supplier Master Brewer The human capital of master brewer has the power of switching the company and move to another one of even changing jobs. Barley suppliers The barley suppliers does not have much of choice to sell the crop to the brewery as the alternative use of the barley are very limited. Presents of substitute inputThere is no other substitute for barley to be used in the making of the beer, so the supplier could have power in this regards. Due to a very high number of suppliers in the market, this power eliminates itself.Threats of forward integrationThe supplier could poss ibly enter in the market as the entrances are too easy. In this case the suppliers will have huge impact on the industry. Switching cost of supplier The numbers of suppliers are enormous as the buyers could easily switch suppliers in the market. It gives less power to the suppliers. High Medium Medium Low Low Bargaining Power of Buyers Presents of substitute A buyer does have power in the market as the product will needs to be purchased within a short time as use of barley in other products are very limited and it cannot be stored for a long time.Impotents of volume to buyersThe high volume of purchase decreases the power of supplier and increases the power of buyers. Buyers concentration There are less buyers compared to the number of suppliers in the market for the use of barley, which means more power for the buyers to bargain with the suppliers. High Low Low Power of Substitutes Strong substitutes There are a very large number of substitute available in the market for the end user, such as Water, milk, soft drinks, wine, tea, coffee, energy drinks, and traditional cultural drinks.Most of the entire alternative has less or no side effects at all in the human body, which makes them all time favorite and increased in their demand for the future. High Appendix 3 Four Brewing Companies in EU Company Strength Weakness Future outlook Heiniken( The Netherlands) * Biggest brewery in EU * 2006 sales 8bn pound * 5 % sales in Asia * 17% in US * Family business * Uses local business to sell their products * More attention into EU and forget the ever growing Asian market * very(prenominal) tight controlled due to family business in nature Positive in EU, but negative in the Asian and US market.Over all in a good health. Grolsch (The Netherland) * One of the oldest * Medium size * Has alliances with US * Innovative with products * Licensed to export 50% of their products overseas * Has specialized brewery for experiment * Centralizes brewery, uses only one br ewery for the production Looks good compared to its size and exports 50%. The innovation and experimental beer might capture market in the future. InBev (Belgium/Brazil) * Merger of two companies * The largest brewery in the world * Market power * Second largest in Chinese market * Looks for innovations * Environmentally conscious Very good and bright future due to the innovations, size, market power, environmentally awareness. Scottish and Newcastle (UK) * 4th largest in EU * 4 major established brands * Has global approach by purchasing shares in other brewing company. * Over stretched company due to its size. * Lack of innovation with new tastes. The future seems to be in doubt as company is entering to Asian market where the biggest brewery are well established brands. REFERNCES Hubbard, G Rice, J Beamish, P 2008, Strategic Management Thinking, Analysis, Action, 3rd edn. , Pearson Prentice Hall, French Forest, NSW, Austra

Books are dead Essay Example for Free

Books are dead EssayIt could be said that books are dead which leads to the question, What are people doing instead? People are buying and use modern technology indeed of reading books because books are tedious. Would you rather read through a whole chapter in a book just to consider an answer to a question, or type in key words into a search engine on a computer and the information be found instantly? Other technologies such as video, internet and DVD, pass superseded them. The more advanced technology appeals to a wider audience and society is not pressurised into enjoying it from an untimely age if they do not want to, as in the case of books. Books are seen as primitive and dated because they have less to offer the succeeding(prenominal) generation in the form of enjoyment. Furthermore, books are not fashionable in the twenty-first century. This is because popularity within the community is directly proportional to whether the individual has the newest technology or no t.The most popular individual has the most recent technological development, such as the la analyze mobile telephone, and the not so popular individual is odd behind, still reading books. Technology is a way to show off and showing off is a way of making new friends and keeping the active ones. In addition, we would not have moved forward in time without new technology. For example, in the future, we will be able to travel into space and back, which we would not be able achieve using books.Of course, the maths and science would have originated from books but you would need technology to apply it. There is not point in publishing books anymore because no one has the time to sit down and read them. This is because they are boring and it is too much effort. You also have to be in the right mood to read a book, whereas you do not need to be with technology since there are so many alternatives. Books are a waste of paper and ink, and are we not trying to save the environment? Moreover, books are made by technology, for example, the printing press is made up of machines.So why not use technology in other ways that will be appreciated more? On the other hand, books have survived every new technological development, unlike the video recorder being superseded by the DVD recorder, within a few decades. Books have, and will stand the test of time because one can escape into a story in a book and enjoy it without the need for anyone else. Disappearing into a book is an idealist fantasy because you can interpret it in so many different ways. It also makes a nice change from the more advanced technology the solid ground has to offer.

Katherine Okikiolu Essay Example for Free

Katherine Okikiolu EssayKatherine Okikiolu comes from a mathematical family, her father is a mathematician and inventor and her come is a high school mathematics teacher. Her parents met when her father left Nigeria to study mathematics at the same college in England where her mother was studying physics. Her father, the Nigerian George Okikiolu, has pen more mathematics papers than any other Black mathematician. She is married to mathematician Hans Lindblad.Okikiolu earned her B.A. in Mathematics from Cambridge University in England before coming to the United States in 1987 to attend graduate school mathematics at UCLA the University of California, Los Angeles. There, she worked with two mentors, Sun-Yung (Alice) Chang and John Garnett, and was able to solve a problem concerning asymptotics of determinants of Toeplitz operators on the sphere and a system of Peter Jones, characterizing subsets of rectifiable curves in Euclidean n-space.After her doctorate, Kate went, in 1993 , to Princeton University where she was an Instructor and an Assistant Professor until 1995. From 1995 until 1997 she was a visiting Assistant Professor at MIT. Since 1997, she has been on the faculty in the Mathematics Department of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), first as an Assistant Professor. Also in 1996, Dr. Okikiolu spoke as part of the twenty-fifth anniversary solemnisation for Association of Women in Mathematics (AWM).In 2002, she gave the Claytor-Woodard lecture at the NAM meeting the Joint Mathematics Meetings. In June 1997, Kate Okikiolu was the first Black to win the most esteemed award for young mathematics researchers the United States, a Sloan Research Fellowship. In 1997, UCSD promoted her to Associate Professor. The $70,000 Sloan Fellowship was not her only award of 1997.

Library Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFID

Library Management System establish On Finger Prints And RFIDChapter 1 IntroductionLibrary management brass take tos aras such(prenominal)(prenominal) as issuing and returning of ledgers, classification of materials, and savants console exploitation different techniques. The deuce briny features of this system include theft detection of unissued books and robotic system for issuing and returning of books for its members. The theft detection model that we pitch tendencyed though as yet merely for demonstrational purposes peck be extremely beneficial if implemented properly as a professional library system. The cost-efficient wont of technology can greatly enhance the library environment and thus prove a technological milestone in the sector. The key section which plays an important role in this syetem is the Radio-frequency identification(RFID) technology. This technology establishes communication by utilise radio waves in redact to exchange the data between a indorser and an electronic punctuate which is attached to an object(a book), for the purpose of identification. The goal of this thesis is to squ ar off out whether RFID technology offers any(prenominal) significant benefit for library management and that how does these benefits meditate to the customer satisfaction. RFID technology had its first commercial applications introduced in the young 1980s. Since t all in allyly technologies hasten advanced in different fields causing the cost of RFID grades and ratifiers to go decrease, thus making it slowly available to a broader market. For example, as RFID tails have become cheaper, libraries have started adopting this technology, thus ensuring a secure library system. The hardw are founder in this library management system is comprised of interrogators ( similarly know as RFID sound outers), RFID get behinds (also known as labels), the reproduce staff and an alarm.The interrogators or the RFID referees direct on 125 KHz are engagement to read the tag sum up of the books when brought near to it in order to fulfill its identification number and check for its status.The tags are the crooks, small in size, less in thickness, attached to the books having a unique identification number all(prenominal) in order to distinguish between the books. These when hindquartersd near the referee sends its identification number to it for save processing.The fingerprint mental faculty is apply for the student console. The student can login his grievance for status updates using fingerprint recognition system.The alarm is apply in case if an unissued book is sensed by the RFID reader in the operate zone.The software part is composed of the database systems and an interfacing tool for database components.The students details are listed in database systems. These are automatically accessed when the student uses the student console feature.The forms of students are created in the visual studio and thi s tool is also utilise to compare the database components with the incoming string in order to update the status of the student.An RFID reader transfers energy to the RFID tag by emitting electromagnetic waves through the air. The tag uses this RF energy to charge up and therefore emit or send its code to the RFID reader. The reader find oneselfs tags response and sends to a host computer or any other external device for further processing. In practical applications of using RFID technology, a tag is attached to a book utilize to identify the target, when it passes through the area which the reader can read, the RFID tag and its reader builds up the radio signal connections, the tag sends its instruction to the reader, such as unique code and other data barge ind on, the reader receives those information and decodes them, and consequently sends to a host computer so as to complete the whole information processing. The whole management system can be divided into two unit of measurement of measurements namely the main unit and the anti theft unit. on that tip is a wireless connection between these two units. The student can login his account by using the fingerprint recognition system. Then he can place the particular book in the area near the RFID reader in order to issue in or return from his account. When difference through the anti theft unit in the exit zone, an RFID reader placed in this zone leave alone read the code of this book and send wirelessly to the main unit, to the PC. There the status of the book will be checked and again sent backward to the anti theft unit. If it sends TRUE, the anti theft will let the book go safe and sound. If it sends FALSE, alarm will ring and thus theft will be detected.Chapter 2 literature review2.1 History of RFIDA scientist, Lon Theremin invented an espionage tool for Soviet Union which genetic radio waves with audio information in 1948. The device was a passive covert listening object, non an identifi cation tag, and it attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The RFID technology has been in use from 1921 according to one source (although same source states that the RFID systems have been around since the late 1950s). Mario Cardulistos in 1971 was the first inventor of modern RFID it was a passive radio tag with keeping. Initially, it was a passive device, powered by the interrogating signal, and it was demonstrated in 1974 to the new-made York Port Authority and other potential users. It was consisted of a transponder with 16 bit store for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic authorize plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit fluff), security measures m easure (personnel identification, automatic gates)2.2 BackgroundRFID systems has established in a wide orbit of markets including tagging, stock identification and automated vehicle identification (AVI) systems because of its ability to track touching objects.2.2.1 RFID TAGSThe RFID tags are also known as transponders. RFID tags can come in many forms, shapes and different sizes. Some are apply which are less than 0.05mm, which were utilize to study the behaviour of ants. Data is stored in the tag IC which is transmitted through the barbel to an RFID reader. There are two commonly utilize RFID Transponders nimble (that has an privileged power source) and Passive (that do non have an internal power source, but are externally powered from the RFID reader).2.2.2 RFID READERA reader (also both(prenominal)times called an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transciever, which is being controlled by a littleprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader ant enna captures data from tags whence passes the data to a computer or external source for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag integrated rophy (which is a silicon chip) and wherefore the data is sent to the host computer for further processing.2.2.3 WORKING OF RFID schooling is sent to and received from the RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In systems which are passive, are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field thatenergizes the tag and induces the power into the tag to respond to the reader. The data collected from tags is then passed through communication portholes (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner as data scanned from bar code stickers is captured and passed to a PC for processing, storage, and action.2.2.4 FREQUENCIES OF RFIDRFID deployments tend to use unauthorised frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are quaternary commonly employ frequencies The commonly utilize frequencies ar e v Low frequency (125/134.2 KHz) v risque frequency (13.56 MHz) v Ultra high frequency ( 869 and 915 MHz) v cook (2450 MHz) It is important to remember that maximum function is not inevitable in all the applications. Tags in the LF/HF band have a range of 2.25 to 46 cm approximately, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 6.3 meters, and micro-cook tags can reach 0.5 to 1.9 meters. The range of the tag greatly depends on the grow on which the tag is mounted.2.3 FUTURE OF RFIDRFID is known by many in the effort to be the leading technology for automatic identification and collection of data. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately be in the issue chain of goods of the customers where an RFID tag attached to a consumers product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumers house.2.4 APPLICATIONS2.4.1 Electronic Vehicle RegistrationIn many countries of the world, security of vehicles is a major concern, Government uses the RFI D system for Vehicle Registration. With implementing RFID systems, we can detect stolen cars and it is steadying in their retrieval also.2.4.2 Payment by mobile phonesTwo credit card companies are working with Dallals since 2009, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop specialized micro cards. When these cards are inserted into the mobile phones, the mobile phone directly connects with the bank account and we can use it as credit card.2.4.3 Transportation paymentsFor traffic management, organisation use RFID applications. Automotive companies also use various RFID tracking solutions for product management.2.4.4 crop trackingRFID is also apply in product tracking application, begins with plant-based labor processes, and then extends into post sales configuration management for large buyers.2.4.5Animal identification un markable of the oldest uses of RFID technology is animal tagging. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since mad-cow disease, RFID has become piv otal in animal identification management.2.4.6 MuseumsRFID technologies are implemented for the user also in museums. An example was the custom- knowing temporary research application, eXspot, at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California.2.4.7 Race timingsRFID can also be used in racing. Till 1990 it is used in animal racing. First time it is implemented in pigeons racing. It is used for registering race start and end timings for animals or one-on-ones in large running races or multi-sport races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for e truly entrant. 2.5 Problems and concerns2.5.1 Data fillEach tag generating a message each time when passing a reader may be a desired outcome. However, event filtering is necessary to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as middleware performing the filtering from vociferous and redundant raw data to significant processed data.2.5.2 Global criterionizationFrequencies are using for RFID in the USA currently incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no standard has yet become as universal as the barcode. To dispense international trade concerns, it is necessary to utilize a tag that is usable within all of the international frequency domains.2.5.3 Security concernsA primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a luck to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the social united States Department of Defenses recent adoption of RFID tags for supply chain management. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in consumer products.2.5.4 Temperature exposure menstruationly, RFID tags are glued with an integrated circuit (IC) to an inlay. V ibration and high temperatures can break the connection. If the IC connection break with the inlay, the RFID tag will not transmit2.6 reproduce AUTHENTICATIONfingermark authentication refers to automated method of verifying a accord between two fingerprints. Fingerprint is one of the many forms of the biometrics used to identify an individual as easily as verify their identity. Each individual has a unique pattern in his fingerprints. There are some unique points in known as minutia points in the fingerprints of the individuals. The number of these points, their location, distance from each other, vary from person to person. Every individual has these characteristics different.2.6.1 Why fingerprint?In the IT world the end-users use fingerprint authentication due to some crusades, i.e. security, and there is the reason that is why they establish, but it is very expensive to maintain. Other authentication mechanisms standardized smart cards, tokens, etc. require you to carry some thing. This is far better than a password, also easies to lose. Losing your credit card or impulsive license is worse. Information is priceless and harder to track than money. Fingerprints also acts as a simple, trusted and convenient user interface to a well thought security plan. A user attested via fingerprints can take advantage of a solid security system nominal education.Chapter 3 Requirements Specification3.1 Non- serviceal Requirements3.2 External requirements3.3 Functional Requirements3.3.1 Category 1 interest requirements should be met under given priorities3.3.2 Category 23.3.3 Category 3Chapter 4 Project Design4.1 Architecture OverviewThe design of the intended product is explained graphically with the help of a block diagram shown in figure below. The diagram explains the boilersuit interactions of the modules and their placements.4.2 Required ComponentsMicrocontroller PIC18F452RF transceiver nRF905Fingerprint module SM630RFID reader module ID20RS232 number one woo d IC MAX2324.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC18F4524.3.1 DescriptionPIC18F452 is the member of PIC18F family. It is a low power, high performance audacious 8-bit microcontroller with 32 Kbytes of tatty platformmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard PIC18Fxxx instruction set and pin outs. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a non-volatile memory programmer and in circuit back-to-back programmer (ICSP). The 18F452 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embed control applications. The 8951 provides the following features. 4.3.2 surrender layout4.3.3 Features and specificationsProgram memory type flash v Program memory 32 KB v CPU urge on 10 MIPS v Data EEPROM 256 bytes v RAM 1536 bytes v digital communication peripherals 1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C) v Ports A, B, C, D E v I/O pins 32 This microcontroller is more suitable for our p roject as it has more memory and instruction speed, as required by our system, than 16Fxxx family or ATMEL. The protocols used for digital communication are sort of built-in in this microcontroller. Moreover it is more sure and efficient than others.4.4 RF transceiver nRF9054.4.1 DescriptionThe nRF905 is a radio transceiver for the 433/ 868/ 915 MHz doctrine band on a single chip. This transceiver consists of fully integrated frequency synthesizer, telephone receiver chain with demodulator, a modulator, a crystal oscillator and a power amplifier. Current consumption is very low, it transmits only 9mA at an product power of -10dBm, and in receive mode 12.5mA. Built-in power surmount modes makes power saving easily realizable. Its pin configuration is as follows4.4.2 FeaturesData rate 50 kbps v direct frequency 433 MHz ISM band v Modulation technique GFSK v SPI interface v Power supply range 1.9 to 3.6 V v Channels 11 with v Channel switching time 4.5 Fingerprint Module SM630SM6 30 integrated fingerprint identification module is the release of Miaxis Biometrics Company. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, a high performance DSP processor and a Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint enrolment, fingerprint verification, fingerprint deletion, fingerprint download, fingerprint upload, etc. It has four pins connections4.5.1 FeaturesHigh Adaptation to Fingerprints v Easy to Use and Expand v Low Power Consumption v Integrated Design v in operation(p) Voltage 4.3V6V v Fingerprint Template 768 templates v User Flash Memory 64KByte v Interface Protocol Standard resultant interface TTL train v Communication Baud Rate 57600bps Figure 4 It was used as it is easy to interface with the microcontroller and reduces image processing coding. It gives out serial TTL rig which is easy to process. It can be easily controlled by the commands to get the desired produce. Adding, deleting, searching and matching commands are easy to implement in this module.4 .6 RFID reader module ID20This RFID reader module is very simple to use. It has a built in antenna, the only holdup is the 2mm pin spacing (breakout board available below). Power the module, hold up a card, and get a serial string produce containing the unique ID of the card. It uses weigand26 protocol.4.6.1 Pin descriptionIts pin description is as follows4.6.2 Features5V supply v 125kHz read frequency v EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible v 9600bps TTL and RS232 output v Magnetic stripe emulation output v Read range of 16+ cm4.7 RS232 Driver IC MAX2324.7.1 DescriptionMAX232 is an integrated circuit. It converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual driver or receiver and it converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals typically. This provide at output 7.5 from 5v supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any vol tages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V.Chapter 5 effectuation5.1 Designing the RFID reader moduleWe started our project with designing the RFID reader/writer module. The standard we followed was ISO15693 used in library for theft detection of unissued books. The standard frequency used in it was 13.56 MHz. The PCB layout was designed. The IC used in this reader was TRF7960. Its dimension was 4.854.85 mm. The PCB design of the reader was not accurate and of high quality as required. Later on, we came to know that SMD components were required when working with high frequency. Then SMD components were used to design the reader. Its PCB is shown in the figure below5.1.1 Problems in the design of the readerThe mai n obstacle we faced in the designing of this RFID reader was that its PCB design required tinning process as the IC consisted of 32 SMD pins, each separated 0.5 mm apart. The size of the TRF7960 IC was very small thus requiring a very accurate PCB. This would require 2-3 months and the time we had was short for this. Thus we switched to ID20 RFID module. This was quiet simple to use and easily available in the market.5.1.2 Antenna design of TRX7960The loop antenna used in the previous reader was designed and printed on PCB. Its parameters were found using the formulas and equations of loop antenna. Its parameters were as follows v Frequency = 13.56 MHz v resistance = 50 Ohms v Antenna size = 0.027wavelength v Wavelength = 22.123894 m v shade Factor = 6.75 v frustrate spacing=0.0508 cm v Track width= 0.127cm v L = 1.2608 HThis loop antenna is required to match with the 50 Ohm and has to be tuned to radiate with a high Q value. Therefore a matching and resonator circuit is used whi ch is composed of a series capacitor, reduplicate capacitor and a parallel resistor. The capacitances are used to match the inductive load as well as to build a resonator. The resistor is used to decrease the Q-value of the resonant circuit for a better design of antenna.5.2 Implementation with the RFID module ID20Due to the obstacles faced in implementing the design of the reader, the RFID reader module was used which gives out serial output. It has a built-in antenna as well as reasonable range. It is placed in the main unit and directly interfaced with the microcontroller. The fingerprint module SM630 and the RF transceiver nRF905 are also affiliated with the microcontroller. The former has the serial TTL serial input/output while the later has SPI interface. The RS232 is used to connect the main unit with the PC. The database application is installed in the PC which has a record of the student details. For the detection of unissued books, an anti-theft unit is designed in whi ch the RF transceiver is machine-accessible with the microcontroller. The RFID reader module is also connected in this unit.5.3 Working of the system5.3.1 Main unitThere are 5 external dismissions attached with the main circuit board. quatern of them execute fingerprint module commands and two for the RFID reader. The fingerprint command buttons include Add button for adding new fingerprint, Delete button for deleting the fingerprint, Delete all button for deleting all fingerprint database and a Match button for matching the fingerprint. The function of the one button of the RFID reader is to issue and return the book from the students account. The main unit is operating on 3.3V and 5V. The RF transceiver and the microcontroller are operating on 3.3V. The MAX232, fingerprint module and RFID reader are operating on 5V. The LF33CV regulator IC is used to maintain 3.3V. For 5V, LM7805 is used in the power supply circuit board. Pin number 1 is pulled up by using 1Kohm resistor and al so pulled down using 0.1uF capacitor. Pin number 11 and 32 are connected to VCC and pin number 12 and 31 to the ground. The crystal oscillator IC of frequency 20MHz is connected with the pin number 13 of the microcontroller. It generates clock pulses for executing the microcontroller instructions. Thus 5MHz is the operating frequency of the microcontroller. The external buttons for executing fingerprint and RFID functions are connected to port D, with pins from 19, 20, 21, 22 and 27. These buttons are pulled down by using 10kohm SIP. SIP is an integrated circuit consisting of resistors on a single chip having one point common. This common point decides the functionality of the SIP. If this point is connected with the VCC, it acts as pull up and vice versa.5.3.2 Antitheft UnitThis unit consists of a microcontroller (PIC18F452), RFID reader (ID-20), RF Transceiver (nRF 905) and some other same components. If any book will pass through this unit RFID will read its ID and send to microc ontroller. The microcontroller will send this id to main unitLibrary Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFIDLibrary Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFIDChapter 1 IntroductionLibrary management system includes areas such as issuing and returning of books, classification of materials, and students console using various techniques. The two main features of this system include theft detection of unissued books and automatic system for issuing and returning of books for its members. The theft detection model that we have designed though as yet merely for demonstrational purposes can be extremely beneficial if implemented properly as a professional library system. The efficient use of technology can greatly enhance the library environment and thus prove a technological milestone in the sector. The key component which plays an important role in this syetem is the Radio-frequency identification(RFID) technology. This technology establishes communication by using radio waves in order to exchange the data between a reader and an electronic tag which is attached to an object(a book), for the purpose of identification. The goal of this thesis is to find out whether RFID technology offers any significant benefit for library management and that how does these benefits reflect to the customer satisfaction. RFID technology had its first commercial applications introduced in the late 1980s. Since then technologies have advanced in different fields causing the cost of RFID tags and readers to go decrease, thus making it easily available to a broader market. For example, as RFID tags have become cheaper, libraries have started adopting this technology, thus ensuring a secure library system. The hardware part in this library management system is comprised of interrogators (also known as RFID readers), RFID tags (also known as labels), the fingerprint module and an alarm.The interrogators or the RFID readers operating on 125KHz are used to read the tag numbe r of the books when brought near to it in order to process its identification number and check for its status.The tags are the devices, small in size, less in thickness, attached to the books having a unique identification number each in order to distinguish between the books. These when placed near the reader sends its identification number to it for further processing.The fingerprint module is used for the student console. The student can login his account for status updates using fingerprint recognition system.The alarm is used in case if an unissued book is sensed by the RFID reader in the exit zone.The software part is composed of the database systems and an interfacing tool for database components.The students details are listed in database systems. These are automatically accessed when the student uses the student console feature.The forms of students are created in the visual studio and this tool is also used to compare the database components with the incoming string in ord er to update the status of the student.An RFID reader transfers energy to the RFID tag by emitting electromagnetic waves through the air. The tag uses this RF energy to charge up and then emit or send its code to the RFID reader. The reader receives tags response and sends to a host computer or any other external device for further processing. In practical applications of using RFID technology, a tag is attached to a book used to identify the target, when it passes through the area which the reader can read, the RFID tag and its reader builds up the radio signal connections, the tag sends its information to the reader, such as unique code and other data stored on, the reader receives those information and decodes them, and then sends to a host computer so as to complete the whole information processing. The whole management system can be divided into two units namely the main unit and the anti theft unit. There is a wireless connection between these two units. The student can login his account by using the fingerprint recognition system. Then he can place the particular book in the area near the RFID reader in order to issue in or return from his account. When passing through the anti theft unit in the exit zone, an RFID reader placed in this zone will read the code of this book and send wirelessly to the main unit, to the PC. There the status of the book will be checked and again sent back to the anti theft unit. If it sends TRUE, the anti theft will let the book go safe and sound. If it sends FALSE, alarm will ring and thus theft will be detected.Chapter 2 literature review2.1 History of RFIDA scientist, Lon Theremin invented an espionage tool for Soviet Union which transmitted radio waves with audio information in 1948. The device was a passive covert listening object, not an identification tag, and it attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The RFID technology has been in use from 1921 according to one source (although same source states that the R FID systems have been around since the late 1950s). Mario Cardulistos in 1971 was the first inventor of modern RFID it was a passive radio tag with memory. Initially, it was a passive device, powered by the interrogating signal, and it was demonstrated in 1974 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users. It was consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates)2.2 BackgroundRFID systems has established in a wide range of markets including tagging, stock identification and automated vehicle identification (AVI) syste ms because of its ability to track moving objects.2.2.1 RFID TAGSThe RFID tags are also known as transponders. RFID tags can come in many forms, shapes and different sizes. Some are used which are less than 0.05mm, which were used to study the behaviour of ants. Data is stored in the tag IC which is transmitted through the antenna to an RFID reader. There are two commonly used RFID Transponders Active (that has an internal power source) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered from the RFID reader).2.2.2 RFID READERA reader (also sometimes called an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transciever, which is being controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader antenna captures data from tags then passes the data to a computer or external source for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag integrated circuit (which is a silicon chip) and then the data is sent to the host computer for further processing.2.2.3 WORKING OF RFIDInformation is sent to and received from the RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In systems which are passive, are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field thatenergizes the tag and induces the power into the tag to respond to the reader. The data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner as data scanned from bar code stickers is captured and passed to a PC for processing, storage, and action.2.2.4 FREQUENCIES OF RFIDRFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies The commonly used frequencies are v Low frequency (125/134.2 KHz) v High frequency (13.56 MHz) v Ultra high frequency ( 869 and 915 MHz) v Microwave (2450 MHz) It is important to remember that maximum range is not required in all the applications. Tags in the LF/HF band have a range of 2.25 to 46 cm approximately, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 6.3 meters, and microwave tags can reach 0.5 to 1.9 meters. The range of the tag greatly depends on the surface on which the tag is mounted.2.3 FUTURE OF RFIDRFID is known by many in the industry to be the leading technology for automatic identification and collection of data. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately be in the supply chain of goods of the customers where an RFID tag attached to a consumers product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumers house.2.4 APPLICATIONS2.4.1 Electronic Vehicle RegistrationIn many countries of the world, security of vehicles is a major concern, Government uses the RFID system for Vehicle Registration. With implementing RFID systems, we can detect stolen cars and it is helpful in their retrieval also.2.4.2 Payment by mobile phonesTwo credit card companies are working with Dallals since 2009, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop spec ialized micro cards. When these cards are inserted into the mobile phones, the mobile phone directly connects with the bank account and we can use it as credit card.2.4.3 Transportation paymentsFor traffic management, government use RFID applications. Automotive companies also use various RFID tracking solutions for product management.2.4.4 Product trackingRFID is also used in product tracking application, begins with plant-based production processes, and then extends into post sales configuration management for large buyers.2.4.5Animal identificationOne of the oldest uses of RFID technology is animal tagging. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial in animal identification management.2.4.6 MuseumsRFID technologies are implemented for the user also in museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, eXspot, at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California.2.4.7 Race timingsRFID can also be used in racing. Till 1990 it is used in animal racing. First time it is implemented in pigeons racing. It is used for registering race start and end timings for animals or individuals in large running races or multi-sport races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant. 2.5 Problems and concerns2.5.1 Data floodingEach tag generating a message each time when passing a reader may be a desired outcome. However, event filtering is required to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as middleware performing the filtering from noisy and redundant raw data to significant processed data.2.5.2 Global standardizationFrequencies are using for RFID in the USA currently incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no standard has yet become as universal as the barcode. To address international trade concerns, it is necessary to utilize a ta g that is operational within all of the international frequency domains.2.5.3 Security concernsA primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the United States Department of Defenses recent adoption of RFID tags for supply chain management. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in consumer products.2.5.4 Temperature exposureCurrently, RFID tags are glued with an integrated circuit (IC) to an inlay. Vibration and high temperatures can break the connection. If the IC connection break with the inlay, the RFID tag will not transmit2.6 FINGERPRINT AUTHENTICATIONFingerprint authentication refers to automated method of verifying a match between two fingerprints. Fingerprint is one of the many forms of the b iometrics used to identify an individual as well as verify their identity. Each individual has a unique pattern in his fingerprints. There are some unique points in known as minutia points in the fingerprints of the individuals. The number of these points, their location, distance from each other, vary from person to person. Every individual has these characteristics different.2.6.1 Why fingerprint?In the IT world the end-users use fingerprint authentication due to some reasons, i.e. security, and there is the reason that is why they establish, but it is very expensive to maintain. Other authentication mechanisms like smart cards, tokens, etc. require you to carry something. This is far better than a password, also easies to lose. Losing your credit card or driving license is worse. Information is valuable and harder to track than money. Fingerprints also acts as a simple, trusted and convenient user interface to a well thought security plan. A user authenticated via fingerprints ca n take advantage of a solid security system minimal education.Chapter 3 Requirements Specification3.1 Non-functional Requirements3.2 External requirements3.3 Functional Requirements3.3.1 Category 1Following requirements should be met under given priorities3.3.2 Category 23.3.3 Category 3Chapter 4 Project Design4.1 Architecture OverviewThe design of the intended product is explained graphically with the help of a block diagram shown in figure below. The diagram explains the overall interactions of the modules and their placements.4.2 Required ComponentsMicrocontroller PIC18F452RF transceiver nRF905Fingerprint module SM630RFID reader module ID20RS232 Driver IC MAX2324.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC18F4524.3.1 DescriptionPIC18F452 is the member of PIC18F family. It is a low power, high performance flash 8-bit microcontroller with 32 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard PIC18Fxxx instruction set and pin outs. Th e on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a non-volatile memory programmer and in circuit serial programmer (ICSP). The 18F452 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The 8951 provides the following features. 4.3.2 Pin layout4.3.3 Features and specificationsProgram memory type flash v Program memory 32 KB v CPU speed 10 MIPS v Data EEPROM 256 bytes v RAM 1536 bytes v Digital communication peripherals 1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C) v Ports A, B, C, D E v I/O pins 32 This microcontroller is more suitable for our project as it has more memory and instruction speed, as required by our system, than 16Fxxx family or ATMEL. The protocols used for digital communication are sort of built-in in this microcontroller. Moreover it is more reliable and efficient than others.4.4 RF transceiver nRF9054.4.1 DescriptionThe nRF905 is a radio transceiver for the 433/ 868/ 915 MHz ISM band on a single chip. This transceiver consists of fully integrated frequency synthesizer, receiver chain with demodulator, a modulator, a crystal oscillator and a power amplifier. Current consumption is very low, it transmits only 9mA at an output power of -10dBm, and in receive mode 12.5mA. Built-in power down modes makes power saving easily realizable. Its pin configuration is as follows4.4.2 FeaturesData rate 50 kbps v Operating frequency 433 MHz ISM band v Modulation technique GFSK v SPI interface v Power supply range 1.9 to 3.6 V v Channels 11 with v Channel switching time 4.5 Fingerprint Module SM630SM630 integrated fingerprint identification module is the release of Miaxis Biometrics Company. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, a high performance DSP processor and a Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint enrolment, fingerprint verification, fingerprint deletion, fingerprint download, fingerprint upload, etc. It has four pins connections4.5.1 FeaturesHigh Adaptation to Fingerprints v Easy to Use and Expand v Low Power Consumption v Integrated Design v Operating Voltage 4.3V6V v Fingerprint Template 768 templates v User Flash Memory 64KByte v Interface Protocol Standard serial interface TTL level v Communication Baud Rate 57600bps Figure 4 It was used as it is easy to interface with the microcontroller and reduces image processing coding. It gives out serial TTL output which is easy to process. It can be easily controlled by the commands to get the desired output. Adding, deleting, searching and matching commands are easy to implement in this module.4.6 RFID reader module ID20This RFID reader module is very simple to use. It has a built in antenna, the only holdup is the 2mm pin spacing (breakout board available below). Power the module, hold up a card, and get a serial string output containing the unique ID of the card. It uses weigand26 protocol.4.6.1 Pin descriptionIts pin description is as follows4.6.2 Features5V supply v 125kHz read frequency v EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible v 9600bps TTL and RS232 output v Magnetic stripe emulation output v Read range of 16+ cm4.7 RS232 Driver IC MAX2324.7.1 DescriptionMAX232 is an integrated circuit. It converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual driver or receiver and it converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals typically. This provide at output 7.5 from 5v supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V.Chapter 5 Implementation5.1 Designing the RFID reader moduleWe started our project with designing the RFID reader/writer module. The standard we followed was ISO15693 used in library for theft detection of unissued books. The standard frequency used in it was 13.56 MHz. The PCB layout was designed. The IC used in this reader was TRF7960. Its dimension was 4.854.85 mm. The PCB design of the reader was not accurate and of high quality as required. Later on, we came to know that SMD components were required when working with high frequency. Then SMD components were used to design the reader. Its PCB is shown in the figure below5.1.1 Problems in the design of the readerThe main obstacle we faced in the designing of this RFID reader was that its PCB design required tinning process as the IC consisted of 32 SMD pins, each separated 0.5 mm apart. The size of the TRF7960 IC was very small thus requiring a very accurate PCB. This would require 2-3 months and the time we had was short for this. Thus we switched to ID20 RFID module. This was quiet simple to use and easily available in the market.5.1.2 Antenna design of TRX7960The loop antenna used in the previous reader was designed and printed on PCB. Its parameters were found using the formulas and equations of loop antenna. Its parameters were as follows v Frequency = 13.56 MHz v Impedance = 50 Ohms v Antenna size = 0.027wavelength v Wavelength = 22.123894 m v Quality Factor = 6.75 v Track spacing=0.0508 cm v Track width= 0.127cm v L = 1.2608 HThis loop antenna is required to match with the 50 Ohm and has to be tuned to radiate with a high Q value. Therefore a matching and resonator circuit is used which is composed of a series capacitor, parallel capacitor and a parallel resistor. The capacitances are used to match the inductive load as well as to build a resonator. The resistor is used to decrease the Q-value of the resonant circuit for a better design of antenna.5.2 Implementation with the RFID module ID20Due to the obstacles faced in implementing the design of the reader, the RFID reade r module was used which gives out serial output. It has a built-in antenna as well as reasonable range. It is placed in the main unit and directly interfaced with the microcontroller. The fingerprint module SM630 and the RF transceiver nRF905 are also connected with the microcontroller. The former has the serial TTL serial input/output while the later has SPI interface. The RS232 is used to connect the main unit with the PC. The database application is installed in the PC which has a record of the student details. For the detection of unissued books, an anti-theft unit is designed in which the RF transceiver is connected with the microcontroller. The RFID reader module is also connected in this unit.5.3 Working of the system5.3.1 Main unitThere are 5 external buttons attached with the main circuit board. Four of them execute fingerprint module commands and two for the RFID reader. The fingerprint command buttons include Add button for adding new fingerprint, Delete button for deleti ng the fingerprint, Delete all button for deleting all fingerprint database and a Match button for matching the fingerprint. The function of the one button of the RFID reader is to issue and return the book from the students account. The main unit is operating on 3.3V and 5V. The RF transceiver and the microcontroller are operating on 3.3V. The MAX232, fingerprint module and RFID reader are operating on 5V. The LF33CV regulator IC is used to maintain 3.3V. For 5V, LM7805 is used in the power supply circuit board. Pin number 1 is pulled up by using 1Kohm resistor and also pulled down using 0.1uF capacitor. Pin number 11 and 32 are connected to VCC and pin number 12 and 31 to the ground. The crystal oscillator IC of frequency 20MHz is connected with the pin number 13 of the microcontroller. It generates clock pulses for executing the microcontroller instructions. Thus 5MHz is the operating frequency of the microcontroller. The external buttons for executing fingerprint and RFID functi ons are connected to port D, with pins from 19, 20, 21, 22 and 27. These buttons are pulled down by using 10kohm SIP. SIP is an integrated circuit consisting of resistors on a single chip having one point common. This common point decides the functionality of the SIP. If this point is connected with the VCC, it acts as pull up and vice versa.5.3.2 Antitheft UnitThis unit consists of a microcontroller (PIC18F452), RFID reader (ID-20), RF Transceiver (nRF 905) and some other same components. If any book will pass through this unit RFID will read its ID and send to microcontroller. The microcontroller will send this id to main unit